Prostate Cancer in 2025: The Critical Signs, Treatments, and Steps Every Australian Should Know

Understanding Prostate Cancer Prevalence in 2025

Prostate cancer develops when abnormal cells in the prostate gland grow uncontrollably, leading to a malignant tumour. In 2025, it accounts for about 16% of all cancer cases in Australia, representing nearly one in every three cancers diagnosed in men. The average age at diagnosis is 70, and one in six males will experience prostate cancer by age 85. While it is a prevalent diagnosis, advances in detection and treatment have led to a marked rise in survival rates: five-year survival has increased from 58% in 1982 to 95.8% in 2018, and ongoing improvements continue to be reported.

Recognising Symptoms and Stages

Early Signs

• Early/localised prostate cancer typically does not cause noticeable symptoms. This makes it important to be aware of risk and to discuss screening options with your doctor.

Advanced Symptoms

As the disease advances, possible symptoms may include:

• Frequent urination (especially at night)
• Pain or burning during urination
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Weak or interrupted urine stream
• Pain in the back, pelvis, hips, or thighs
• Weakness or numbness in the legs or feet

If prostate cancer spreads to bones or other organs, additional symptoms can include persistent bone pain, unexplained weight loss, and significant fatigue.

Key Risk Factors and Prevention Insights

Risk Factors

• Age: Risk increases substantially after age 50.
• Family History: Having a father or brother diagnosed with prostate cancer (especially before age 60), or a family history of breast or ovarian cancer (BRCA1/2 mutations), is associated with increased risk.
• High Testosterone: Some studies indicate a potential link between higher testosterone levels and increased risk, though findings are not conclusive.

Prevention

• No proven prevention methods exist as of 2025. While maintaining overall health through a balanced lifestyle is likely beneficial, no specific dietary or lifestyle measures have been conclusively shown to reduce prostate cancer risk.

Early Detection and Diagnostic Pathways

Screening and Detection

There is no population-wide, accurate screening test for prostate cancer in Australia as of 2025. The main tool available for early detection is the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test.

• PSA Test: Measures PSA protein levels in the blood; raised levels can indicate prostate issues, but this test is not definitive for cancer. Some individuals with normal PSA may still have cancer, and only about one in three men with elevated PSA actually have cancer.
• Digital Rectal Examination (DRE): No longer routinely recommended for asymptomatic men, but may be used prior to biopsy when clinically indicated.

Diagnostic Follow-up

If prostate cancer is suspected:

• Imaging: MRI, CT, or bone scans help determine if the cancer has spread.
• Biopsy: An ultrasound-guided procedure used to take tissue samples from the prostate in order to confirm cancer presence and assess aggressiveness (Gleason score).
• Staging: The TNM system (Stages 1–4) is used for cancer staging, with the majority of patients diagnosed at a localised stage.

Treatment and Therapy Options

Treatment planning is individualised and depends on cancer stage, grade, age, overall health, and patient preferences. Options may include:

• Active Surveillance: For low-risk, slow-growing cancers. Involves regular PSA tests, examinations, and periodic MRI/biopsies, with intervention only if there are signs of progression.
• Watchful Waiting: Typically for older men with limited life expectancy; focuses on symptom management if needed.
• Surgery: Radical prostatectomy involves removal of the prostate. Potential risks include erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence.
• Radiation Therapy: Delivered externally (External Beam Radiation Therapy or EBRT) or via radioactive seed implants (brachytherapy). Risks may include bowel complications in addition to those from surgery.
• Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT): Lowers testosterone to help slow cancer growth. Can be used alone or with other treatments and is administered via injections or tablets.
• Chemotherapy: Generally reserved for advanced prostate cancer, often used with ADT to help control tumour growth.
• Palliative Care: Focuses on maintaining quality of life and symptom relief, especially in advanced or treatment-resistant cases.

It is important to discuss all treatment options thoroughly with your medical team, considering both medical evidence and personal priorities.

Survival, Prognosis, and What to Expect

Survival rates for prostate cancer in Australia are high, with a five-year survival rate approaching 96%. Early diagnosis is linked to favourable outcomes. Prostate cancer can often be slow-growing, and even if not curable, many people live for extended periods with the condition.

Navigating Prostate Cancer Support Networks

After a diagnosis, people commonly experience a range of emotions. Holistic support can play an important role:

• Healthcare Professionals: Your GP, urologists, oncologists, radiation therapists, and prostate cancer nurses can provide guidance and help you make informed decisions.
• Specialist Support: PCFA’s Specialist Telenursing Service (1800 22 00 99) is available for expert support and information.
• Mental Health and Counselling: Social workers, sexual health counsellors, and psychologists can offer assistance for emotional and relationship impacts.
• Trusted Information: Cancer Council Australia and Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia provide current, reputable advice and resources.

Including family and friends in discussions may help individuals feel supported throughout their care journey.

Awareness, Action Steps, and Research Outlook for 2025

Proactive Health Measures

• Men over 40, or those with increased risk, may wish to review their family history and discuss prostate cancer risk and PSA testing with a healthcare provider.
• Routine check-ups and open communication with health professionals support timely detection and management decisions.

Research and Ongoing Developments

As of 2025, there have been no major new national screening or prevention programs introduced. However, organisations such as Cancer Council Australia and the Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia remain active in research, public awareness, and advocacy efforts. For the most current details on clinical trials or emerging treatments, visit these organisations’ websites or consult your healthcare team.

Prostate cancer remains an important health consideration for Australian men in 2025. Advances in early detection and treatment have greatly improved treatability, particularly when the condition is diagnosed early. At this time, no specific prevention strategy is guaranteed; however, learning about risk factors, initiating regular discussions with a GP, and understanding available treatments and support options may positively influence outcomes. Resources are available to help you and your family throughout your prostate cancer experience.

Sources

• Cancer Council Australia: Prostate cancer
• Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia: 2025 Health Checklist

Disclaimer: All content, including text, graphics, images and information, contained on or available through this web site is for general information purposes only. The information and materials contained in these pages and the terms, conditions and descriptions that appear, are subject to change without notice.